PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF LGBTI MINORITIES DURING ARMED CONFLICTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/klj-2024-5.17Keywords:
minority rights, vulnerable categories, discrimination, gender identity, Yogyakarta principles, armed conflict, LGBTI community, refugees, asylum seekers, legislationAbstract
The article analyzes international legal acts and national legislation of various states on ensuring the protection of the rights of LGBTI minorities, in particular during armed conflicts. Changes in the legislation of different countries to ensure equality of LGBTI persons in society are studied. The study proves that despite the fact that the issue of LGBTI communities is acute and unresolved, international law is taking decisive steps to resolve this problem. The article analyzes the specific risks and forms of violence that representatives of LGBTI communities may face in combat zones. The issues of discrimination, stigmatization and deprivation of access to humanitarian aid, shelter, medical and psychological assistance to LGBTI minorities are highlighted. Based on the study of universal and regional international legal acts and the legal framework of Ukraine, the author proposes proposals for improving Ukrainian legislation on the protection of the rights of LGBTI minorities during armed conflicts. The author analyzes the interrelation of national, European and American legal provisions related to the protection of the rights of LGBTI communities during armed conflicts. The author also provides examples of violations of the rights of LGBTI communities during armed conflicts in Ukraine and abroad. The author draws conclusions about the need to intensify lawmaking activities and improve the dynamics of changes in the field of protection of the rights of LGBTI minorities during martial law, which is extremely important in our time. The author points out the need to develop a high-quality framework of legal acts aimed at protecting the rights of representatives of LGBTI communities during armed conflicts, in particular, the need to develop certain provisions that will ensure humane treatment of civilians, the wounded, sick and prisoners of war without any discrimination (including on the basis of gender). The need to introduce an appropriate monitoring mechanism to oversee the protection of the rights of representatives of LGBTI communities and the fulfillment by the state of its obligations to respect the rights of these communities is emphasized.
References
Загальна декларація прав людини від 10 грудня 1948 року. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_015#Text.
Міжнародний пакт про економічні соціальні права від 16 грудня 1966 року. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_042#Text.
Міжнародний пакт про громадянські і політичні права від 16 грудня 1966 року. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_043#Text
Конвенція про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод від 4 листопада 1950 року. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004#Text
Рада ООН з прав людини групи за ознакою сексуальної орієнтації та гендерної ідентичності (березень 2012 року). URL: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Discrimination/Pages/PanelSexualOrientation.aspx.
The Yogyakarta Principles plus 10. (2017). URL: https://yogyakartaprinciples.org/ (дата звернення 17.04.2024).
Assemblée Nationale. Retrieved 4 June 2016. URL: https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/dossiers/justice_21e_siecle.asp (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
Spanish government approves new bill on transgender rights., (June 27, 2022). URL: https://apnews.com/article/spain-gay-rights-madrid-government-and-politics-0eeb5b9fba7c78a458326bcfbe871222 (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
Законопроект про внесення змін до Кодексу України про адміністративні правопорушення та Кримінального кодексу України щодо боротьби з проявами дискримінації № 5488 від 13.05.2021. URL: https://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=71891 (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
Віденська конвенція про право міжнародних договорів 1969 року. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_118#Text (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2013/32/oj (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
Dan Christian Ghattas. (2019). Protecting intersex people in Europe – a toolkit for law and policy makers, 2019. URL: https://oiieurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Protecting_intersex_in_Europe_toolkit.pdf (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
A. Margalit. Still a blind spot: The protection of LGBT persons during armed conflict and other situations of violence. International Review of the Red Cross (2018), 100 (1-2-3), 237–265. 150 years of humanitarian reflection. URL: https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/reviews-pdf/2019-10/100_13.pdf (дата звернення 17.04.2024).
Рекомендація CM/Rec (2010)05 Комітету Міністрів Ради Європи державам-членам про заходи з боротьби проти дискримінації за ознаками сексуальної орієнтації або гендерної ідентичності. URL: https://genderindetail.org.ua/library/ukraina/rekomendatsiya-cmrec20105-komitetu-ministriv-radi-evropi-derzhavam-chlenam-pro-zahodi-z-borotbi-proti-diskriminatsiiza-oznakami-sexualnoi-orientatsii-abo-gendernoi-identichnosti-134655.html (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
10 Transgender Soldiers Ask for Formal Recognition. (Oct. 24, 2016). URL: https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-10-24/10-transgender-soldiers-seek-formal-genderidentity-change (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
Laurel Wamsley. Pentagon Releases New Policies Enabling Transgender People To Serve In The Military. (March 31, 2021) URL: https://www.npr.org/2021/03/31/983118029/pentagonreleases-new-policies-enabling-transgender-people-to-serve-in-the-milit (дата звернення 19.04.2024).
